Ray Tracing Gaming Project in C++

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4 months ago

#include <iostream>
#include <cmath>

using namespace std;

// Structure for a 3D vector
struct Vec3 {
    float x, y, z;

    // Constructor to initialize vector
    Vec3(float x = 0, float y = 0, float z = 0) : x(x), y(y), z(z) {}

    // Vector addition
    Vec3 operator+(const Vec3& v) const {
        return Vec3(x + v.x, y + v.y, z + v.z);
    }

    // Vector subtraction
    Vec3 operator-(const Vec3& v) const {
        return Vec3(x - v.x, y - v.y, z - v.z);
    }

    // Scalar multiplication
    Vec3 operator*(float t) const {
        return Vec3(x * t, y * t, z * t);
    }

    // Dot product
    float dot(const Vec3& v) const {
        return x * v.x + y * v.y + z * v.z;
    }

    // Length of the vector (magnitude)
    float length() const {
        return sqrt(x * x + y * y + z * z);
    }

    // Normalize the vector
    Vec3 normalize() const {
        float len = length();
        return Vec3(x / len, y / len, z / len);
    }
};

// Structure for a ray
struct Ray {
    Vec3 origin;
    Vec3 direction;

    // Constructor to initialize ray
    Ray(const Vec3& origin, const Vec3& direction) : origin(origin), direction(direction.normalize()) {}

    // Get point at distance t along the ray
    Vec3 pointAtParameter(float t) const {
        return origin + direction * t;
    }
};

// Structure for a sphere
struct Sphere {
    Vec3 center;
    float radius;

    // Constructor to initialize sphere
    Sphere(const Vec3& center, float radius) : center(center), radius(radius) {}

    // Check if a ray intersects with the sphere
    bool intersect(const Ray& ray, float& t) const {
        Vec3 oc = ray.origin - center;
        float a = ray.direction.dot(ray.direction);
        float b = 2.0f * oc.dot(ray.direction);
        float c = oc.dot(oc) - radius * radius;
        float discriminant = b * b - 4 * a * c;

        if (discriminant < 0) {
            return false;
        } else {
            t = (-b - sqrt(discriminant)) / (2.0f * a);
            return true;
        }
    }
};

int main() {
    // Define a sphere at position (0, 0, -5) with radius 1
    Sphere sphere(Vec3(0, 0, -5), 1);

    // Define a ray originating at the camera position (0, 0, 0) and pointing in the z direction
    Ray ray(Vec3(0, 0, 0), Vec3(0, 0, -1));

    float t;
    if (sphere.intersect(ray, t)) {
        Vec3 hitPoint = ray.pointAtParameter(t);
        cout << "Ray intersects the sphere at point (" << hitPoint.x << ", " << hitPoint.y << ", " << hitPoint.z << ")" << endl;
    } else {
        cout << "Ray does not intersect the sphere." << endl;
    }

    return 0;
}

100

#include <iostream>

#include <cmath>

using namespace std;

// Structure for a 3D vector

struct Vec3 {

float x, y, z;

// Constructor to initialize vector

Vec3(float x = 0, float y = 0, float z = 0) : x(x), y(y), z(z) {}

// Vector addition

Vec3 operator+(const Vec3& v) const {

return Vec3(x + v.x, y + v.y, z + v.z);

}

// Vector subtraction

Vec3 operator-(const Vec3& v) const {

return Vec3(x - v.x, y - v.y, z - v.z);

}

// Scalar multiplication

Vec3 operator*(float t) const {

return Vec3(x * t, y * t, z * t);

}

// Dot product

float dot(const Vec3& v) const {

return x * v.x + y * v.y + z * v.z;

}

// Length of the vector (magnitude)

float length() const {

return sqrt(x * x + y * y + z * z);

}

// Normalize the vector

Vec3 normalize() const {

float len = length();

return Vec3(x / len, y / len, z / len);

}

};

// Structure for a ray

struct Ray {

Vec3 origin;

Vec3 direction;

// Constructor to initialize ray

Ray(const Vec3& origin, const Vec3& direction) : origin(origin), direction(direction.normalize()) {}

// Get point at distance t along the ray

Vec3 pointAtParameter(float t) const {

return origin + direction * t;

}

};

// Structure for a sphere

struct Sphere {

Vec3 center;

float radius;

// Constructor to initialize sphere

Sphere(const Vec3& center, float radius) : center(center), radius(radius) {}

// Check if a ray intersects with the sphere

bool intersect(const Ray& ray, float& t) const {

Vec3 oc = ray.origin - center;

float a = ray.direction.dot(ray.direction);

float b = 2.0f * oc.dot(ray.direction);

float c = oc.dot(oc) - radius * radius;

float discriminant = b * b - 4 * a * c;

if (discriminant < 0) {

return false;

} else {

t = (-b - sqrt(discriminant)) / (2.0f * a);

return true;

}

};

int main() {

// Define a sphere at position (0, 0, -5) with radius 1

Sphere sphere(Vec3(0, 0, -5), 1);

// Define a ray originating at the camera position (0, 0, 0) and pointing in the z direction

Ray ray(Vec3(0, 0, 0), Vec3(0, 0, -1));

float t;

if (sphere.intersect(ray, t)) {

Vec3 hitPoint = ray.pointAtParameter(t);

cout << "Ray intersects the sphere at point (" << hitPoint.x << ", " << hitPoint.y << ", " << hitPoint.z << ")" << endl;

} else {

cout << "Ray does not intersect the sphere." << endl;

}

return 0;

}

Explanation

Vec3 Structure:
- Vec3 is a structure representing a 3D vector with x, y, and z components. It includes various vector operations such as addition, subtraction, scalar multiplication, dot product, length, and normalization.
Ray Structure:
- The Ray structure represents a ray with an origin and a direction. The direction is normalized to ensure it’s a unit vector. The pointAtParameter()
  
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  function returns the point along the ray at distance t.
Sphere Structure:
- The Sphere structure defines a sphere with a center and a radius. The intersect() function checks if a given ray intersects with the sphere. It uses the quadratic formula to solve for the intersection points. If the discriminant is positive, there is an intersection, and the function returns true
  
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  with the intersection distance t.
Main Function:
- In the main() function, a sphere is defined at position (0, 0, -5) with a radius of 1. A ray is defined starting at (0, 0, 0) (camera position) and pointing in the negative z-direction. The program checks if the ray intersects with the sphere and prints the intersection point if it exists.

Explanation

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